GitHub Foundations (GH-900) Exam Questions

Domain 1: Understand Git and GitHub basics (25–30%)

What is the main purpose of a version control system (VCS)?

⬜ To track changes to a set of files over time, so people can work on them together
⬜ To enforce code quality standards across an organization
⬜ To run the source code that its users write
⬜ To fix coding errors in files from several developers automatically

Which statement best describes the difference between Git and GitHub?

⬜ Git is a distributed version control system; GitHub is a cloud platform built around Git.
⬜ Git is for small, individual projects; GitHub is for large projects in organizations.
⬜ Git is a centralized version control system; GitHub is a distributed version control system.
⬜ Git is only a command-line tool; GitHub is only a web interface for storing files.

Which term is often used as another name for a version control system?

⬜ Source code management (SCM) system
⬜ Code collaboration tool (CCT)
⬜ Code lifecycle archive (CLA)
⬜ Project lifecycle management (PLM) system

Why would a developer create a branch to work on a change?

⬜ To make a duplicate copy of the whole repository
⬜ To work on a set of changes in isolation from the main line of development
⬜ To keep different developers’ contributions apart permanently
⬜ To archive old versions of the project’s files

Which items are typically shown on a user’s public GitHub profile?

⬜ Profile details, achievements, a profile README, repositories, pinned repositories and stars
⬜ Comment history, project forks and file downloads
⬜ Private repositories, project boards and code snippets
⬜ Wiki contributions, every organization the user belongs to and all private activity

What is the main difference between GitHub Desktop and GitHub.com?

⬜ GitHub Desktop is a free, open-source app for working with Git repositories on your computer; GitHub.com is the web platform for hosting, collaboration and project management.
⬜ GitHub Desktop is a command-line interface for Git; GitHub.com is a web platform for hosting repositories.
⬜ GitHub Desktop is a version control system; GitHub.com is a graphical interface for Git.
⬜ GitHub Desktop works only online with GitHub services; GitHub.com is for both online and offline development.

Which of these is NOT a goal of a version control system?

⬜ Making sure files comply with industry regulations as they’re created or changed
⬜ Retrieving earlier versions of single files or the whole project
⬜ Letting several people work on the same project together
⬜ Showing every change to your files, when it was made and who made it

What is the name for the set of directories and files of the project you’re currently working on in a Git repository?

⬜ The working tree (working directory)
⬜ A commit
⬜ An issue
⬜ A pull request

Which Git command shows the state of your working tree and staging area, so you can see whether you have changes to commit?

⬜ git status
⬜ git add
⬜ git commit
⬜ git log

You created new files on your computer. Which command tells Git to start tracking them?

⬜ git add
⬜ git commit
⬜ git checkout
⬜ git clone

What role does Markdown play on GitHub?

⬜ It’s a lightweight markup language for formatting text in READMEs, issues, pull requests, comments and documentation.
⬜ It’s a programming language designed for Git repositories.
⬜ It’s a version control system for tracking changes to documentation.
⬜ It’s a Git feature that draws graphs of code changes.

Which of these can you NOT do with GitHub Mobile?

⬜ Run automated tests and continuous integration pipelines on the device
⬜ Read, review and collaborate on issues and pull requests
⬜ Manage, triage and clear notifications
⬜ Merge pull requests

What is the main benefit of a distributed version control system such as Git?

⬜ Every user has a full copy of the project and its history, so people can work independently and offline and then merge their changes.
⬜ All files are kept on one central server, which is the single source of truth.
⬜ Merge conflicts are resolved automatically, so nobody has to decide anything.
⬜ It must be deployed across several cloud providers to avoid a single point of failure.

What is a repository in Git and GitHub?

⬜ A storage location for a project’s files, their history and related information
⬜ One specific commit in the history
⬜ The working directory where you edit files
⬜ A discussion forum for the project

In Git, what is a remote?

⬜ A repository URL or server that Git fetches changes from and pushes changes to
⬜ The working directory where you edit files
⬜ A local branch kept apart from the main project
⬜ The process of merging one branch into another

When you do something on GitHub.com, such as opening an issue or reviewing a pull request, which type of account is the action attributed to?

⬜ Your personal account
⬜ An organization account
⬜ An enterprise account
⬜ A paid account

Which of these are part of Markdown’s basic formatting syntax on GitHub?

⬜ Headings, links, task lists and comments
⬜ Function calls, class definitions and variable assignments
⬜ Line breaks, indentation and conditional statements
⬜ File imports, method declarations and code execution blocks

Which of these terms is NOT commonly used for working with GitHub repositories?

⬜ Copy
⬜ Branch
⬜ Fork
⬜ Clone
⬜ Merge
⬜ Remote
⬜ Upstream

What is the Git term for an immutable snapshot of changes to one or more files, recorded in order in the repository’s history?

⬜ A commit
⬜ A branch
⬜ A repository
⬜ A hash

Which sequence best describes GitHub flow for collaborating on a change?

⬜ Create a branch → make changes → open a pull request → address review comments → merge → delete the branch
⬜ Clone the repository → make changes → commit directly to the main branch
⬜ Create a branch → open a pull request → make changes → delete the branch
⬜ Open a pull request → make changes → merge → address review comments → delete the branch

Which two deployment options does GitHub Enterprise offer?

⬜ GitHub Enterprise Cloud and GitHub Enterprise Server
⬜ GitHub Desktop and the GitHub CLI
⬜ GitHub Desktop and GitHub Enterprise Server
⬜ GitHub.com and GitHub Desktop

In a README, you want this line to appear exactly as written, but Markdown keeps turning the text between asterisks into italics. How do you stop it?

Let's pass the *GitHub Foundations exam* with *practice tests*.

⬜ Put a backslash before each asterisk: Let's pass the \*GitHub Foundations exam\* with \*practice tests\*.
⬜ Wrap the whole line in parentheses.
⬜ Use double asterisks instead.
⬜ Start the line with #.

Domain 2: Work with GitHub repositories (10–15%)

What are the main benefits of adding a README file to a repository? (select three)

⬜ It explains what the project does and why it’s useful.
⬜ It tells people where to get help with the project.
⬜ It shows who maintains and contributes to the project.
⬜ It speeds up code reviews for collaborators.

Jeff often starts new projects with the same folder structure, branches and files. Which feature makes this quicker?

⬜ A template repository
⬜ A gist
⬜ An issue
⬜ A GitHub Actions workflow

Thomas created a new repository in the GitHub web interface and wants to add a file to it without using the command line. How does he do it?

⬜ Click Add file on the repository page and choose Create new file or Upload files.
⬜ Download the repository and copy the files into its folder.
⬜ Run git push after adding the files to a local repository.
⬜ Create a new branch for each file and add it in the web interface.

Kyle wants to try new GitHub features before they’re generally available. Which feature lets him do this?

⬜ Feature preview
⬜ GitHub Actions
⬜ GitHub Sponsors
⬜ GitHub Discussions

Why should a Git repository have a .gitignore file?

⬜ To keep specific files and folders out of commits
⬜ To make commits faster
⬜ To hide the repository from the public
⬜ To encrypt sensitive files in the repository

What does cloning a GitHub repository do?

⬜ It copies the whole repository, including its history, to your computer or a codespace.
⬜ It creates a new, independent repository on GitHub for your own use.
⬜ It’s only for making backups and doesn’t help with collaboration.
⬜ It downloads only the latest version of the default branch.

What can a template repository contain?

⬜ Any files and folders relevant to the project
⬜ Only source code files
⬜ Only README files
⬜ No files - only settings

A repository has the CODEOWNERS file below. What does it tell you?

*.tf    @acme/infrastructure
/docs/  @dani

⬜ Changes to files in the docs folder need a review from the user dani when a pull request is opened.
⬜ Changes to .tf files need a review from a user named infrastructure.
⬜ The file only works if it’s placed in an owners folder.
⬜ dani owns every individual commit made in the docs folder.

You maintain a repository and want to see community engagement and key activity metrics. How do repository insights help?

⬜ They show graphs of activity, traffic and contributors for the project.
⬜ They show secret scanning and code scanning alerts.
⬜ They list contributors’ email addresses so you can contact them.
⬜ They track all open tasks and issues.

When you create a new repository, which files are recommended to include? (select five)

⬜ A license, saying how others may use the files
⬜ A CONTRIBUTING file, with guidelines for contributors
⬜ A CODEOWNERS file, naming the people or teams responsible for code
⬜ A README, explaining what the project does and how to use it
⬜ A .gitignore, listing files Git should ignore
⬜ The passwords, API keys or tokens needed to deploy the application
⬜ Compiled code and build output

Which practices does GitHub recommend for maintaining a repository? (select three)

⬜ Create a README to document the project.
⬜ Prefer branching over forking for regular collaborators.
⬜ Use Git Large File Storage (Git LFS) for large files.
⬜ Delete the commit history to save space.

Ryan wants to add a new file to his repository from the command line and send it to GitHub. Which sequence of commands does this?

⬜

git add project.txt
git commit -m "Add project file"
git push

⬜

git init
git commit
git branch
git add project.txt

⬜

git clone
git add project.txt
git commit
git push

⬜

git pull
git add project.txt
git commit -m "Add project file"

When you fork a repository, what is the original repository usually called?

⬜ The upstream repository
⬜ The source repository
⬜ The parent repository
⬜ The forked repository

How do you turn one of your existing repositories into a template repository?

⬜ Select Template repository in the repository’s settings.
⬜ Copy the repository’s structure and files into a new repository by hand.
⬜ Nothing - every repository is automatically a template.
⬜ Get a template repository from GitHub Marketplace.

Why would you star a repository on GitHub? (select three)

⬜ To find it again easily later
⬜ To discover similar projects on your personal dashboard
⬜ To show appreciation to its maintainers
⬜ To be notified about every new commit

Heather needs a brand-new, empty repository in her account. How does she create it?

⬜ Click + → New repository on GitHub, enter a name, choose the options and click Create repository.
⬜ Run git checkout -branch new_project.
⬜ Copy another repository’s URL and run git clone.
⬜ Call the Git API.

Dani wants to create a branch for a new feature directly on GitHub.com. How does she do it?

⬜ Open the branch dropdown on the repository page, type a new branch name and choose to create it.
⬜ Click Fork.
⬜ Download a ZIP of the repository and extract it.
⬜ Run git branch in her local repository.

On the command line, you want to create a branch, commit your changes to it, and publish it to GitHub. Which sequence does this?

⬜

git checkout -b new-feature
git add .
git commit -m "Add new feature"
git push --set-upstream origin new-feature

⬜

git branch new-feature
git checkout new-feature

⬜

git create-branch new-feature
git commit -m "Add new feature"
git push

⬜

git add branch new-feature
git commit -m "Add new feature"
git push

What is the benefit of adding a CODEOWNERS file to a repository?

⬜ Code owners are requested for review automatically when a pull request changes code they own.
⬜ Only code owners can write to the repository.
⬜ Code owners get GitHub Pro features.
⬜ Code owners are required to approve draft pull requests.

What is a repository’s SECURITY.md file for?

⬜ Telling people how to report security vulnerabilities in the project
⬜ Documenting GitHub’s security best practices
⬜ Storing secret keys and encrypted passwords
⬜ Configuring who can access the repository

Domain 3: Collaborate using GitHub (10–15%)

You want to contribute to a project, but you can’t tell whether anyone is already working on an issue. What can your team do to show who’s working on what?

⬜ Link a pull request or branch to the issue to show a fix is in progress.
⬜ Filter, sort and search the issues and pull requests.
⬜ Message every collaborator and ask what they’re working on.
⬜ Close the issue and wait for someone to say they were working on it.

You want to start work on an issue straight away in a new branch. What’s the quickest way?

⬜ Use Create a branch on the issue page, which creates a branch linked to the issue.
⬜ Click Fork to create a new repository and branch.
⬜ Download the repository and create the branch locally.
⬜ Clone the repository and run git checkout -b.

You and a colleague are resolving a critical issue, and you want to be notified of every new comment on it. What should you do?

⬜ Subscribe to the issue.
⬜ Open a merge request and link it to the issue.
⬜ Watch the whole repository for all activity.
⬜ Star the repository.

Isabella wants to propose changes to a repository in a pull request, but she doesn’t have write access to it. How can she create a branch for her changes?

⬜ Fork the repository, then create the branch in her fork.
⬜ Clone the repository and create the branch locally.
⬜ Use the web interface instead of the command line.
⬜ Ask a friend to create the branch for her.

You’re reviewing a pull request in the GitHub web interface. Which of these help you decide whether to approve it? (select five)

⬜ Review its commits on the Commits tab.
⬜ Read the discussion on the Conversation tab.
⬜ Compare the changes between the base and compare branches on the Files changed tab.
⬜ Check that required checks passed on the Checks tab.
⬜ Confirm on the Security tab that the changes fix the linked issue.
⬜ Leave comments on specific lines on the Files changed tab.

You’re reviewing a pull request that looks promising, but some parts need improving. Which actions help in your review? (select three)

⬜ Comment on specific lines with detailed feedback.
⬜ Suggest improvements before the pull request is merged.
⬜ Propose specific code changes with suggested changes in your comments.
⬜ Approve the pull request as ready to merge.

In a GitHub Discussion, someone posts a helpful reply to your question. How can you make it easy for visitors to find the answer?

⬜ Mark the comment as the answer.
⬜ Lock the discussion so that reply stays last.
⬜ Tell people to use discussion insights to find it.
⬜ Create an issue and link it to the discussion.

Kristina contributes to many open-source projects and gets lots of notifications. Today she only wants to see notifications where she was @mentioned. How can she do this on GitHub?

⬜ Filter her notifications inbox with reason:mention.
⬜ Search for her username in her email client.
⬜ Use a Dependabot filter.
⬜ Nothing - the inbox shows only mentions by default.

You committed some code to a private repository and want a colleague to look at it, without giving them access to the repository. What’s the easiest way?

⬜ Put the code in a gist and share the gist’s URL.
⬜ Share the repository’s clone URL along with your credentials.
⬜ Fork the private repository and share the fork.
⬜ Add your colleague as a collaborator.

When should you use issue templates?

⬜ To make sure issues are created consistently, with the information contributors need to provide
⬜ Only for minor bug fixes, so the repository isn’t cluttered
⬜ Only in private repositories
⬜ Only for code issues, not questions or feature requests

Who can open an issue in a repository that has issues turned on?

⬜ Any GitHub user with at least read access to the repository
⬜ Only the repository owner
⬜ Only members of the organization that owns the repository
⬜ Only contributors with write access

What is the difference between an issue template and an issue form?

⬜ A template gives text that contributors replace with their own; a form has structured fields, such as required inputs and dropdowns.
⬜ Templates are written in Markdown, while forms are written in HTML.
⬜ Templates come from GitHub, while forms come from GitHub Marketplace.
⬜ Templates are submitted in the web interface, while forms are committed with a merge request.

What is the difference between GitHub Discussions and issues?

⬜ Discussions are for open-ended conversations and questions; issues track specific work, such as bugs or feature requests.
⬜ They serve the same purpose.
⬜ Issues are for general conversation, while discussions track bugs and feature requests.
⬜ Discussions are only for bug reports, while issues are for conversation.

An ongoing discussion is important for everyone contributing to your project. How do you make it stand out?

⬜ Pin the discussion.
⬜ Reply to it with “Important”.
⬜ Nothing - discussions can’t be highlighted.
⬜ Star the discussion so people are notified.

You want to create a gist, but there’s no option on the repository page. Where do you create it?

⬜ On the gist home page (gist.github.com)
⬜ On the repository’s Code tab
⬜ On the repository’s Actions tab
⬜ Create a file in the repository, and it becomes a gist automatically

You found a useful gist created by another user and want to change it for your own use. What should you do?

⬜ Fork the gist, or clone it, and make your changes.
⬜ Share the gist’s URL so others can change it.
⬜ Download the files one by one and upload them to a new gist.
⬜ Open a pull request and ask the owner to merge your changes.

Each morning you check your most urgent notifications, so you aren’t blocking anyone. Which filters should you use? (select three)

⬜ reason:review-requested, for pull requests where your review is requested
⬜ reason:mention, for events where you’re @mentioned
⬜ reason:team-mention, for events where a team you belong to is @mentioned
⬜ is:discussion, for changes to files in the repository

Where can you put a pull request template so GitHub uses it?

⬜ A file named pull_request_template.md in the repository’s root folder
⬜ A file named template_pull_request.md in the root folder
⬜ A file in a hidden .pull_request/ folder
⬜ A file in a pull_request/ folder

Your team needs to release a patch quickly, and you’re asked to help review the related pull requests. Many open pull requests have nothing to do with the issue. How do you find the ones to review?

⬜ Filter for pull requests linked to the issue they’ll close.
⬜ Filter for pull requests where a reviewer requested changes.
⬜ Filter for pull requests that are already approved.
⬜ Filter for draft pull requests.

Someone opened an issue that duplicates one already being worked on. How do you mark it and point to the original?

⬜ Comment Duplicate of # followed by the original issue number.
⬜ Close the issue and email the user a link to the original.
⬜ Drag the new issue onto the original in the web interface.
⬜ Sort the issues by recently updated and add a 👎 reaction.

How do commits relate to a pull request?

⬜ The pull request shows the commits that make up the proposed change, and they’re merged into the base branch when it’s approved.
⬜ Each commit in a pull request handles a separate issue on its own.
⬜ A pull request’s commits show the whole history of the repository.
⬜ The commits are visible only to the pull request’s author.

Why might a developer open a draft pull request?

⬜ To share work in progress and get early feedback before asking for a formal review
⬜ To merge the changes without any review
⬜ Because large codebases require draft pull requests
⬜ To mark the changes as finished and stop collaboration

You want a comment in a conversation to show specific lines of a file as a rendered code snippet. What’s the easiest way?

⬜ Create a permanent link to the line or range of lines and paste it into the comment.
⬜ Paste a screenshot of the code.
⬜ Create a branch and open a new merge request with inline comments.
⬜ Click + next to each line and comment on each one.

You only want notifications from a public repository when a new release is published. What do you do?

⬜ Click Watch, choose Custom and select Releases.
⬜ Click Watch and choose All Activity.
⬜ Fork the repository and watch your fork.
⬜ Watch all activity and add a .gitignore that ignores every event except releases.

What is a repository’s wiki typically used for?

⬜ Long-form documentation, such as how to use the project, how it was designed or its core principles
⬜ A quick summary of the project on the repository’s home page
⬜ Tracking issues and project tasks
⬜ A private space only for repository admins

What is GitHub Pages mainly used for?

⬜ Publishing a static website straight from a repository, such as project documentation or a portfolio
⬜ Running server-side scripts for a repository
⬜ Version control for a repository
⬜ Showing a repository’s source code to the public

What is a pull request template?

⬜ Default text that guides contributors on what to include when they open a pull request
⬜ Text that contributors can’t change when they open a pull request
⬜ A file generated automatically whenever a branch is created
⬜ A template that contributors must choose from a list for every pull request

Julie has finished a feature on her branch in a shared repository. What should she do next?

⬜ Open a pull request from her branch, so the team can review and discuss the changes before they’re merged.
⬜ Create another branch, so the feature is merged straight away without review.
⬜ Copy her changes into the main branch by hand.
⬜ Fork the repository, so each member has a separate copy.

What does pinning an issue in a repository do?

⬜ It highlights important issues by showing them above the issues list.
⬜ It’s required before an issue can be closed.
⬜ It marks the issue as completed.
⬜ It improves the repository’s search.

When you enable GitHub Discussions in a repository, which default categories are created? (select five)

⬜ 📣 Announcements
⬜ 💡 Ideas
⬜ 🗳️ Polls
⬜ 🙏 Q&A
⬜ 🙌 Show and tell
⬜ 🎉 Accomplishments
⬜ ⭐️ Stars

Which of these can you subscribe to for notifications on GitHub? (select four)

⬜ The conversation in a specific issue, pull request or gist
⬜ All activity in a repository
⬜ CI activity, such as the status of workflow runs
⬜ A repository’s issues, pull requests, releases, security alerts or discussions
⬜ Each time someone stars your repository
⬜ Each time the same account creates a new repository

Where can GitHub deliver your notifications natively? (select three)

⬜ The notifications inbox on GitHub.com
⬜ The notifications inbox in GitHub Mobile, which syncs with GitHub.com
⬜ An email client, at a verified email address
⬜ Text messages to your phone
⬜ A Slack channel

Domain 4: Apply modern development practices (10–15%)

Which type of file defines a GitHub Actions workflow?

⬜ A YAML file
⬜ A Markdown file
⬜ A CSV file
⬜ A JSON file

Where can the actions used in a workflow come from? (select three)

⬜ The same repository as the workflow file
⬜ Any public repository
⬜ A published Docker container image on Docker Hub
⬜ Only private repositories

When a pull request is opened and triggers GitHub Actions, in what order are the parts involved?

⬜ Event → workflow → job → steps → action
⬜ Workflow → event → steps → job → action
⬜ Action → steps → workflow → event → job
⬜ Action → steps → job → workflow → event

Amir has started using GitHub Copilot in his editor on a complex project. How does Copilot help him as he writes code?

⬜ It suggests code as he types, from single lines to whole functions, based on his code and comments.
⬜ It lets his teammates edit the same file with him in real time.
⬜ It’s mainly a tool for planning and tracking his project’s tasks.
⬜ It replaces version control by keeping the history of his code.

What does GitHub Copilot look at to offer code completion suggestions while you write code in your editor?

⬜ The file you’re editing and related files, such as other open files
⬜ Every file in every repository in your organization
⬜ Only the current line of code
⬜ Only the current file

What operating system does a GitHub codespace use by default, and which operating systems aren’t supported for its dev container?

⬜ Default: Ubuntu Linux. Not supported: Windows and macOS.
⬜ Default: Windows. Not supported: macOS and Linux.
⬜ Default: macOS. Not supported: Windows and Linux.
⬜ Any operating system, if you provide your own image.

Which of these can you customize for a codespace? (select four)

⬜ Its display name, to tell several codespaces apart
⬜ The shell, so it works the way you’re used to
⬜ The machine type, to get the resources you need
⬜ The default region where your codespaces are created
⬜ The operating system, to macOS or Windows
⬜ The Azure subscription the codespace runs in

Bryan creates training content and wants students to open a codespace for his course repository straight from a link. How can he do this?

⬜ Share a link to the codespace creation page, with the options preconfigured, in the course materials.
⬜ Ask students to clone the repository and set up codespaces themselves.
⬜ Give instructions for installing the GitHub CLI and creating codespaces with it.
⬜ Tell students to create codespaces from the repository’s main page.

When you work in a GitHub codespace, what are you working on?

⬜ A dev container running on a virtual machine managed by GitHub
⬜ A virtual machine in your own Azure account
⬜ A virtual machine on your own computer
⬜ Your local computer, through GitHub Desktop

Which of these are events that can trigger a GitHub Actions workflow? (select three)

⬜ Opening a pull request
⬜ Pushing a commit
⬜ Opening an issue
⬜ Someone viewing the repository’s README

You’re building a workflow and want to reuse actions written by the community. Where do you find them?

⬜ GitHub Marketplace
⬜ The repository’s Projects tab
⬜ Nowhere - all actions are already included in every new workflow
⬜ The repository’s Discussions tab

How does GitHub Actions help teams work faster? (select three)

⬜ It can test code automatically as soon as a pull request is opened.
⬜ It can label new issues automatically.
⬜ It can run jobs after code is merged into the main branch, such as deploying the application.
⬜ It fixes errors in pull request code by itself before the changes are merged.

Which statement about the quality of GitHub Copilot’s suggestions is correct?

⬜ Languages that are less common in public code may get fewer or weaker suggestions.
⬜ The amount of training data for a language doesn’t affect suggestion quality.
⬜ Copilot gives equally strong suggestions in every language.
⬜ Copilot supports only a few popular languages.

Your organization wants to roll out GitHub Copilot, but admins must first be able to set company-wide policies and exclude specific files from Copilot. What should it do?

⬜ Subscribe to Copilot Business (or Enterprise) and configure its policies and content exclusions.
⬜ Give Copilot Business only to admins, because only they get policy controls.
⬜ Let developers try Copilot Pro on personal accounts without any restrictions first.
⬜ Have every developer buy Copilot Pro and explain the policies to each of them.

How do you start creating a codespace for a repository on GitHub.com?

⬜ Click Code, open the Codespaces tab and create a codespace.
⬜ Open a pull request on the repository.
⬜ Clone the repository to your computer.
⬜ Click Code and choose Download ZIP.

How should you give your codespaces access to secrets, such as tokens, without committing them to the repository?

⬜ Add them as Codespaces secrets, which appear as environment variables in your codespaces.
⬜ Store them in another private repository that your codespaces read from.
⬜ Set them as environment variables on your computer, and they’re passed to the codespace.
⬜ Run a password manager in one central codespace that the others connect to.

You manage your team’s use of GitHub Codespaces and need to lower costs. Which change helps?

⬜ Shorten how long stopped codespaces are kept before they’re deleted automatically.
⬜ Have the team switch to github.dev to run and test the application.
⬜ Add codespaces to a project and delete them when an issue closes.
⬜ Ask developers to use personal GitHub Free accounts for the free usage.

In GitHub Actions, what is a runner?

⬜ The machine that runs a workflow’s jobs and provides their environment
⬜ The person responsible for managing GitHub Actions in a repository
⬜ A repository where actions are defined
⬜ A visual progress display for workflow runs

You need to run several scripts whenever files in your repository change. Which GitHub Actions component is a series of steps that run on the same runner?

⬜ A job
⬜ An event
⬜ An action
⬜ A workflow

You plan to use GitHub Copilot. What does GitHub recommend to keep the code it suggests secure and of good quality? (select three)

⬜ Treat Copilot’s code with the same care as any code you didn’t write yourself.
⬜ Test the code and scan it for security vulnerabilities.
⬜ Use GitHub features such as GitHub Actions, Dependabot, CodeQL and code scanning.
⬜ Rewrite every line Copilot produces, because it can’t be trusted.

What’s the easiest way to start using GitHub Copilot as you code?

⬜ Install the GitHub Copilot extension in your editor, such as Visual Studio Code, and sign in.
⬜ Ask GitHub Support for approval and wait.
⬜ Create a public repository so Copilot can scan it.
⬜ Install a separate editor that only works with Copilot.

Your organization wants to use GitHub Codespaces, but nobody wants to pay with a personal credit card. How can the organization pay for the usage centrally?

⬜ Connect an Azure subscription in the organization’s billing settings.
⬜ Add Azure subscription details to your personal account’s billing section.
⬜ Configure the Azure subscription by hand to recognize your GitHub account.
⬜ Open a support ticket asking GitHub to connect the Azure subscription.

github.dev and GitHub Codespaces both let you edit code straight from a repository. Which statements about them are correct? (select three)

⬜ Both are available to everyone on GitHub.com.
⬜ github.dev opens instantly with a key press, while a codespace can take a few minutes to start.
⬜ Codespaces support most VS Code Marketplace extensions, while github.dev supports only some.
⬜ Both need compute, which can be billed to your account.

Which of these can trigger a GitHub Actions workflow? (select four)

⬜ Events in the workflow’s repository
⬜ Events outside GitHub that send a repository_dispatch event
⬜ A schedule
⬜ Running it manually
⬜ Opening the repository in GitHub Desktop

Which operating systems does GitHub provide hosted runners for? (select three)

⬜ Windows
⬜ Ubuntu Linux
⬜ macOS
⬜ Android

Which statement about GitHub Copilot plans is correct?

⬜ Copilot Free gives individuals a limited number of completions and chat requests at no cost, while Copilot Business is a paid plan for organizations.
⬜ Every Copilot plan is paid; there’s no free option.
⬜ Copilot Business is free for every GitHub user.
⬜ Copilot is only available to GitHub Pro users.

Your team uses different operating systems, and you want everyone to have the same development environment. Which GitHub feature fits best?

⬜ GitHub Codespaces
⬜ GitHub Discussions
⬜ GitHub Copilot
⬜ GitHub Actions

By default, what happens when a codespace is left running with no activity and times out?

⬜ The codespace stops, and your data is kept from the last time you saved your changes.
⬜ The codespace is deleted.
⬜ The codespace keeps running until you delete it.
⬜ The codespace stops and is rebuilt from scratch the next time you start it.

Domain 5: Manage projects with GitHub (5–10%)

Which statement best describes GitHub Projects?

⬜ A flexible tool for planning and tracking work, built on your issues and pull requests
⬜ A repository limited to a few files
⬜ A platform for hosting personal websites
⬜ A version control system for tracking code changes

How do today’s GitHub Projects compare with the older Projects (classic) boards in how much you can customize them?

⬜ Projects offer much more flexibility, with custom fields, multiple views and built-in workflows.
⬜ Projects can be customized less than Projects (classic).
⬜ Both have exactly the same interface.
⬜ Projects have a fixed interface that can’t be customized.

Every new repository comes with default labels. How can a team categorize its issues, pull requests and discussions in other ways?

⬜ Create custom labels in the repository.
⬜ Rename a default label, because the number of labels is limited.
⬜ Import labels from an external source, because custom labels can’t be created.
⬜ Nothing - only the default labels can be used.

In a project, which of these is NOT a built-in field for adding information to items?

⬜ Timestamp
⬜ Milestone
⬜ Labels
⬜ Assignees

Which statement describes the roadmap layout in GitHub Projects?

⬜ It shows your issues, pull requests and draft issues on a timeline over a configurable time span.
⬜ It shows your items in an adaptable spreadsheet.
⬜ It shows your items in customizable columns.
⬜ It arranges your items in a hierarchical tree.

What is the main reason to assign issues and pull requests on GitHub?

⬜ To organize and track work by showing who’s responsible for each task
⬜ To avoid using comments
⬜ To replace team meetings
⬜ To limit collaboration between team members

What are views used for in GitHub Projects?

⬜ To show the project’s items in different ways, with their own layout, filters, sorting and grouping
⬜ To customize how the project’s README looks
⬜ To edit code together in real time
⬜ To set team members’ access permissions

Who can view the insights charts of a GitHub project?

⬜ Anyone who can view the project
⬜ Only people with write or admin access
⬜ Only people with admin access
⬜ Only people on a paid GitHub plan

Your project is getting close to its item limit. How can you archive items automatically once they’re closed as completed or not planned?

⬜ Set up the project’s built-in auto-archive workflow.
⬜ Use filters so the view shows fewer items.
⬜ Move the issues to a later milestone.
⬜ Reopen the issues so they’re no longer closed.

You want to manage a GitHub project from scripts, without using the web interface. What can you use? (select two)

⬜ The GraphQL API
⬜ The GitHub CLI
⬜ Git
⬜ The repository wiki

Your team’s project lacks a clear way to categorize issues and tasks. How do labels help?

⬜ They categorize and prioritize issues, which makes work easier to track, filter and manage.
⬜ They assign access permissions to team members based on their roles.
⬜ They change how the project board looks.
⬜ They let people edit code together in real time.

Which statements about assigning issues and pull requests are true? (select three)

⬜ Assignees show who’s working on an issue or pull request.
⬜ You can assign more than one person to an issue or pull request.
⬜ Anyone with write access to the repository can assign issues and pull requests.
⬜ An issue or pull request can have an unlimited number of assignees.

Which of these layouts is NOT available in GitHub Projects?

⬜ List
⬜ Table
⬜ Board
⬜ Roadmap

How does a GitHub project stay up to date with changes to its issues and pull requests?

⬜ Changes to fields such as assignees, milestones and labels are synced automatically.
⬜ Each item must be updated by hand.
⬜ By limiting access to project collaborators.
⬜ By avoiding automation.

Which of these are recommended practices for GitHub Projects? (select five)

⬜ Break large issues into smaller ones.
⬜ Use @mentions to alert a person or team.
⬜ Use the project’s description, README and status updates.
⬜ Keep a single source of truth, so information doesn’t get out of sync.
⬜ Use as little automation as possible.
⬜ Use the different field types that fit your needs.

In a project’s insights, you want a chart showing how many items are assigned to each team member. Which type of chart should you create?

⬜ A current chart
⬜ A historical chart
⬜ A user chart
⬜ A project chart

Sanjay tracks many issues and regularly reports progress to management. How can he quickly show the status of all issues related to one goal?

⬜ Create a milestone and add the related issues to it.
⬜ Give team members specific access permissions.
⬜ Use GitHub Discussions for each issue.
⬜ Create a separate label for every issue.

Thomas often approves pull requests with the same comment, “Looks great, I approve these changes 🚀”. How can he avoid typing it every time?

⬜ Saved replies
⬜ A project board
⬜ GitHub Discussions
⬜ GitHub Actions

Which two kinds of project can you create with GitHub Projects? (select two)

⬜ An organization project
⬜ A user project
⬜ A team project
⬜ A milestone project

Which of these is NOT one of the default labels in a new GitHub repository?

⬜ community contribution
⬜ bug
⬜ duplicate
⬜ help wanted

On the GitHub Free plan, how many people can be assigned to an issue or pull request?

⬜ Up to 10 in a public repository, and 1 in a private repository
⬜ 1 in a public repository, and up to 10 in a private repository
⬜ Up to 10 in both public and private repositories
⬜ There’s no limit

What is the maximum number of items a single GitHub project can hold?

⬜ 50,000
⬜ 10,000
⬜ 1,000
⬜ 100

Betty is tired of adding every new issue to her project by hand. How can she automate this?

⬜ Configure the project’s built-in auto-add workflow to add new items from a repository that match a filter.
⬜ Label each issue by hand so it shows on the board.
⬜ Create charts of the issues and add them to the board.
⬜ Agree in a discussion which issues to add.

You want to track how your issues progress over time, showing how much work is done and how much is left. Which insights chart fits?

⬜ A burn up chart
⬜ A velocity chart
⬜ A cumulative flow diagram
⬜ The contribution graph

What is the main difference between milestones and labels for tracking issues?

⬜ Milestones group issues toward a goal, with an optional due date and a completion percentage; labels categorize issues.
⬜ Milestones are for version control; labels are for categorizing.
⬜ Milestones control access; labels set priority.
⬜ Milestones track individual code changes; labels organize repositories.

You need a project view like a traditional kanban board for your team’s daily standup. Which layout should you use?

⬜ Board
⬜ Table
⬜ Roadmap
⬜ None - no layout works like a kanban board

Domain 6: Understand privacy, security, and administration (10–15%)

Your organization now requires two-factor authentication. What happens to outside collaborators who don’t use 2FA?

⬜ They’re removed from the organization and lose access to its repositories.
⬜ They keep access to existing repositories but can’t access new ones.
⬜ Nothing, because organization policies don’t apply to outside collaborators.
⬜ Their GitHub accounts are disabled until they enable 2FA.

Steve’s organization now requires two-factor authentication. What happens if Steve, an organization member, doesn’t enable 2FA?

⬜ He stays a member, but can’t access the organization’s resources until he enables 2FA.
⬜ His GitHub account is deleted.
⬜ His GitHub account is suspended.
⬜ He keeps full access for a grace period.

What can organization members do by default?

⬜ Create repositories and projects
⬜ Manage pull request reviews across the organization
⬜ Configure code review assignments for teams
⬜ Invite people to join the organization

A new teammate needs the same access you have to your organization’s trading app repository, but you don’t know how you were given access. What’s the best approach?

⬜ Ask an organization owner which teams have access to the repository, and have an owner or team maintainer add your teammate to the right team.
⬜ Add your teammate directly to the repository.
⬜ Tell your teammate to contact GitHub Support.
⬜ Ask an organization moderator to find the teams and add your teammate.

Which GitHub Enterprise Cloud authentication options use a central identity provider (IdP) to control access to organization resources?

⬜ SAML single sign-on (SSO) and Enterprise Managed Users
⬜ SAML SSO only, not Enterprise Managed Users
⬜ Personal accounts with 2FA
⬜ None - GitHub doesn’t support central identity providers

Jack disables GitHub Actions for his repository. What is the result?

⬜ No workflows run in the repository.
⬜ Actions and reusable workflows are limited.
⬜ Workflows can create pull requests but not approve them.
⬜ Nothing - Actions can’t be disabled for a repository.

Which permission levels does a repository owned by a personal account have?

⬜ Repository owner and collaborators
⬜ Repository owner, collaborators and viewers
⬜ Repository owner, collaborators and team maintainers
⬜ Repository owner and moderators

Which visibility options can repositories have in GitHub Enterprise?

⬜ Public, private and internal
⬜ Personal, public and internal
⬜ Private, public and secure
⬜ Personal, public and secure

For private repositories, which of these security features needs a paid GitHub Code Security license (part of what used to be GitHub Advanced Security)?

⬜ Code scanning
⬜ Dependabot alerts
⬜ The dependency graph
⬜ A security policy

Ned wants members and visitors to find his organization’s most important repositories easily. Which organization setting should he use?

⬜ Pinned repositories on the organization profile
⬜ GitHub Discussions
⬜ Repository insights
⬜ GitHub Copilot

Which of these can you use as the second factor in GitHub two-factor authentication?

⬜ A TOTP authenticator app on a phone or computer, or text messages
⬜ GitHub Desktop or text messages
⬜ GitHub.com itself or text messages
⬜ Your email or text messages

Dave has lost access to his two-factor authentication method. How can he get back into his GitHub account?

⬜ Sign in with his username and password, choose to use a recovery code, and enter one of his recovery codes.
⬜ He can’t - the account is lost for good.
⬜ Ask GitHub Support to turn off 2FA on his account.
⬜ Reset his password.

What can a billing manager in a GitHub organization do?

⬜ Upgrade or downgrade the account, view payment history and update payment methods
⬜ Update payment methods, download receipts and see the organization’s private members
⬜ Buy, change or cancel GitHub Marketplace app subscriptions
⬜ Create and access the organization’s repositories

For private repositories, which of these features need GitHub’s paid security products (GitHub Code Security and GitHub Secret Protection, formerly GitHub Advanced Security)? (select three)

⬜ Code scanning
⬜ Secret scanning
⬜ Dependency review
⬜ Dependabot alerts

Which ways can GitHub Enterprise Cloud administrators give people access to their enterprise’s resources? (select three)

⬜ Personal GitHub.com accounts
⬜ Personal GitHub.com accounts with SAML single sign-on as an extra check
⬜ Enterprise Managed Users, provisioned from the company’s identity provider
⬜ Anonymous access without any GitHub account

Marion wants to turn off some features in her private repository. Which of these can she disable? (select three)

⬜ Issues
⬜ Projects
⬜ Actions
⬜ Authentication

Phil is an organization owner and gives people different levels of access to the organization’s private repositories. Who can he give access to?

⬜ Organization members, outside collaborators and teams, using repository roles
⬜ Nobody - owners can’t grant access, because of separation of duties
⬜ Members and teams, but never outside collaborators
⬜ Members and outside collaborators, even if they don’t have a GitHub account

What is true about giving a repository internal visibility?

⬜ Internal repositories let you practice InnerSource across your enterprise.
⬜ Only people you share access with explicitly can see internal repositories.
⬜ Managed user accounts can always fork internal repositories.
⬜ Internal visibility keeps organization owners from seeing the code.

What is the purpose of branch protection?

⬜ To prevent accidental or unauthorized changes to important branches
⬜ To limit how many commits a branch can have
⬜ To require two-factor authentication for contributors
⬜ To quarantine branches with suspicious code automatically

Which of these is NOT shown on a repository’s Security tab?

⬜ Issues opened for security reasons
⬜ Code scanning results
⬜ The security policy
⬜ Security advisories

John wants to invite someone to collaborate on his personal repository. How does he do it?

⬜ From the repository’s settings, under Collaborators
⬜ By emailing them an invitation from his email client
⬜ By creating a separate repository for each collaborator
⬜ By sharing a link to the repository

Which users does GitHub recommend should use two-factor authentication?

⬜ All users, whatever their role or permissions
⬜ Only organization owners
⬜ Only repository collaborators
⬜ Only billing managers

How do you set up a TOTP authenticator app for GitHub two-factor authentication?

⬜ Scan the QR code GitHub shows with the app, then enter the code it generates.
⬜ Install the one TOTP app that GitHub approves.
⬜ Follow setup instructions that GitHub sends by email.
⬜ Use your recovery codes to set up the app.

An organization owner gives a team the security manager role. What can its members do?

⬜ Configure code security settings for the organization and its repositories
⬜ Write to every repository in the organization
⬜ Invite and remove the organization’s collaborators
⬜ Configure code security settings at the organization level only

Jessica wants to manage identity and access for her enterprise’s members centrally. Why would she choose Enterprise Managed Users?

⬜ To create and manage members’ accounts from her identity provider, and require them to authenticate through it
⬜ To let members contribute publicly and privately anywhere on GitHub.com
⬜ To let users change their own profile name and email address
⬜ To reduce the number of accounts her team needs for open-source work

Which of these security and analysis features is turned on automatically for public repositories?

⬜ The dependency graph
⬜ Dependabot alerts
⬜ Private vulnerability reporting
⬜ Secret scanning alerts for users

Which repository role suits contributors who need to manage issues, discussions and pull requests without write access?

⬜ Triage
⬜ Admin
⬜ Write
⬜ Maintain

Gabe changes his repository’s visibility from public to private. What is one effect?

⬜ GitHub no longer includes the repository in the GitHub Archive Program.
⬜ Public forks of the repository become private.
⬜ The repository gets GitHub Code Security features automatically.
⬜ The repository becomes visible to everyone in his enterprise.

When you create a branch protection rule, which branches can it apply to?

⬜ A specific branch, all branches, or any branch matching a name pattern
⬜ Only branches named main or master
⬜ Branches whose commit messages contain certain keywords
⬜ Only branches changed by a particular team

Which statement about setting up GitHub’s security features is true?

⬜ Repository admins and organization owners can configure a repository’s security settings.
⬜ Every security feature is turned on automatically for every repository.
⬜ All paid security features are on for every repository on GitHub.com.
⬜ Which features you can use depends only on the repository’s programming language.

How can a repository admin find out whether someone has conflicting permissions on the repository?

⬜ Look for the Mixed roles warning in the repository’s access settings.
⬜ There’s no way to see conflicting permissions.
⬜ Check repository insights for permission conflicts.
⬜ Use a third-party permission checker.

What must an organization owner do before they can require two-factor authentication for the organization?

⬜ Enable 2FA on their own account.
⬜ Notify everyone and ask them to set up 2FA.
⬜ View and remove members who don’t use 2FA.
⬜ Set up 2FA with GitHub Mobile.

Which of these is NOT something GitHub recommends about using text messages (SMS) for two-factor authentication?

⬜ Use SMS in preference to a TOTP app or security keys.
⬜ Make sure your device can receive text messages.
⬜ Check that your country is supported for SMS authentication.
⬜ Download your recovery codes and keep them somewhere safe.

Dani is the organization’s new project manager. Which repository role is recommended for her?

⬜ Maintain
⬜ Triage
⬜ Read
⬜ Write

Besides their member permissions, what can organization moderators do? (select three)

⬜ Block and unblock non-member contributors
⬜ Set interaction limits for the organization and its repositories
⬜ Hide comments in the organization’s public repositories
⬜ Give themselves elevated repository permissions for a short time

With Enterprise Managed Users, which of these is NOT controlled through the identity provider (IdP)?

⬜ Issue tracking
⬜ Usernames
⬜ Team membership
⬜ Repository access

Who can enable or disable GitHub Discussions for an organization’s repository?

⬜ People with admin permissions for the repository
⬜ Nobody - Discussions can’t be disabled
⬜ Only the repository’s owner
⬜ Anyone with the write role

Which statements about an organization’s base permissions are true? (select three)

⬜ Organization owners set the base permissions.
⬜ Base permissions apply to all organization members for every repository in the organization.
⬜ By default, members have read permission on the organization’s repositories.
⬜ Base permissions also apply to outside collaborators.

Emmitt wants to control who can change repository visibility in his organization. Which statement is true?

⬜ Limiting who can change visibility helps prevent sensitive code from being made public.
⬜ A repository’s visibility can never be changed once it’s set.
⬜ Every repository in an organization must be private.
⬜ Anyone with write access can change a repository’s visibility.

Sam’s branch protection requires two approving reviews before a pull request can be merged into main. Whose approvals count? (select two)

⬜ Designated code owners
⬜ Anyone with write permission on the repository
⬜ People who follow the repository
⬜ Every collaborator, whatever their permission

Which statement about organization owners is true?

⬜ An organization can, and should, have more than one owner, so it never loses ownership.
⬜ An organization can have only one owner, for security.
⬜ Only the person who created the organization can be an owner.
⬜ Owners can’t change the roles of other owners.

Domain 7: Explore the GitHub community (5–10%)

What is the main characteristic of open-source software?

⬜ Its source code is freely available to view, use, modify and share
⬜ Its code is closed and proprietary
⬜ It’s developed by a single company
⬜ It can only be used commercially

What can developers do with GitHub Marketplace?

⬜ Publish and share their GitHub Actions and apps
⬜ Chat with and follow other GitHub users in one place
⬜ Sell any GitHub app, whoever owns it
⬜ Manage their GitHub subscription and buy more Actions minutes

What does forking a repository on GitHub do?

⬜ It creates your own copy of the repository on GitHub, separate from the original.
⬜ It creates a branch for experimental changes.
⬜ It starts a code review.
⬜ It downloads the repository for offline work.

Which details are useful as topics to classify a repository? (select three)

⬜ The repository’s intended purpose
⬜ Its subject area
⬜ Its programming language
⬜ Its license

Dan found a useful repository that Sarah contributed to, so he follows her on GitHub. What does following Sarah give Dan?

⬜ Updates about Sarah’s activity on his personal dashboard
⬜ An automatic email to Sarah about her new follower
⬜ The ability to send Sarah direct messages
⬜ A listing on Sarah’s dashboard as someone she follows

GitHub supports open-source projects in all of these ways, except which one?

⬜ Making sure projects comply with the law
⬜ Software development features and services
⬜ Code scanning to find and fix security vulnerabilities
⬜ Best practices to learn from and use in development workflows

Which statement is NOT true about forks?

⬜ A fork is kept in sync with the original repository automatically.
⬜ A fork is a new repository that shares code and visibility settings with the upstream repository.
⬜ Forks are often used to propose changes when you don’t have write access to the upstream repository.
⬜ Developers can use forks to propose bug fixes.

When you follow an organization, which of these do you NOT see on your personal dashboard?

⬜ Changes to the organization’s profile
⬜ New discussions from the organization
⬜ The organization’s sponsorships
⬜ New repositories from the organization

Which of these is NOT an open-source software license?

⬜ EULA
⬜ MIT
⬜ GNU General Public License (GPL)
⬜ Apache 2.0

Who can receive money through GitHub Sponsors? (select two)

⬜ Anyone with a sponsored developer profile
⬜ Any organization with a sponsored organization profile
⬜ Anyone with a GitHub account
⬜ Anyone who has contributed on GitHub

Jessica wants to follow the HashiCorp organization on GitHub. How does she do it?

⬜ Go to the HashiCorp organization’s page and click Follow.
⬜ Search for HashiCorp in GitHub Discussions.
⬜ Search for HashiCorp in her personal account settings.
⬜ Go to a HashiCorp user’s profile and click Follow under the profile picture.

Sam found useful code in a repository on GitHub. Which of these can he do to show interest or make use of it? (select three)

⬜ Add himself as a collaborator so he can contribute.
⬜ Star the repository or topic, to find it again later.
⬜ Follow the people or organizations behind it, to see their activity.
⬜ Download the code and adapt it for his own use, subject to its license.

Why do companies adopt InnerSource? (select three)

⬜ To apply open-source principles and practices to internal software development
⬜ To help teams discover, adapt and reuse existing internal projects
⬜ To encourage open collaboration and more contributions to internal projects
⬜ Because company policy forbids developing open-source code

Which of these is NOT a supported way to pay for GitHub Sponsors?

⬜ Bitcoin
⬜ A credit card on GitHub
⬜ Patreon
⬜ An invoice